Family Pseudolestidae

This monotypic family is known only from Hainan island where the larvae of Pseudolestes mirabilis Kirby inhabit small clear, rocky streams; the females lay in dead wood (Zhang 2019). The larvae (Figs 8, 10) are unmistakable, being provided with paired dendritic gill tufts on the venter of S10 (Yu & Bu 2011), a character shared in the region only with Devadatta but it is unclear if the structures are homologous. Larva of Pseudolestes also differs clearly from Devadatta in the structure of the hardened balloon like caudal gills, the shape of the prementum and the form of the antennae. The tufts can be retracted and extruded and presumably play a role in respiration (Yu & Bu 2014).