Euligyrus ebenus (De Geer, 1774) new combination

(Figs. 1A, 2G, 9A, 13A, 14A, 15A, 17A, 21A, 24A; 31)

Scarabaeus ebenus De Geer, 1774: 317 . Original combination.

Male lectotype designated by Endrödi (1969) (NHRS) “192/65 // Lectotypus / Ligryrus / ebenus Deg / des. Endrody // NHRS-JLKB / 000027135”. Type locality: Surinam.

Scarabaeus cordatus Fabricius, 1792: 31 .

Female holotype (ZMK). “ Guadeloupe. / Badier / Mus. Tufund. / Scarabaeus / cordatus. F . // TYPE // HOLOTYPE // ZMUC / 00513754 // Ligyrus / cordatus (F.) / Det. F. Chalumeau / 83”. Type locality: Guadaloupe.

Cyclocephala scarabaeina Perty, 1830: 46 .

Female type (ZSMC). “I. / Brasilia. / Chalepus / scarabaeinus / Ligyrus . Perty // = ebenus De Geer / Holotypus Nr. / Ligyrus scarabaeinus / Perty / Zoologsche / Staatssammlung / Münchea. / Brasilien // HOLOTYPUS / Cyclocephala. / scarabaeina / Perty / det Dr. G Schoner 1981” Type locality: “montibus Prov. Minarum” [mountains of coastal province, Brazil].

Description. Habitus as in Fig. 24A. Length 29.6–30.0 mm; humeral width 12.5–15.2 mm. Color brown to black. Head: Frons concave between eyes and before frontal tumescences; surface deeply rugose, nearly smooth on vertex and with sparse, deep punctures. Frontoclypeal region with 2 tumescences separated by 1.2 times a tumescence width. Clypeal surface transversely rugose. Clypeus trapezoidal, base 1.8 times as wide as apex (Fig. 1A). Clypeal teeth transverse to widely triangular, widely separated (about 3 times a diameter tooth) (Fig. 1A). Mandible with 2 apical and 1 lateral acute large tooth, the apical teeth equal in size and shape. Interocular distance equal to 3.5 times an eye width. Antennal club short. Pronotum: Surface with minute, sparse punctures. Apical tubercle rounded. Fovea oval, narrow (about 1/3 narrower than interocular distance) (Fig. 24A). Elytra: First interval punctate, punctures similar in other intervals. Inner surface of apex with transverse small tubercles without forming parallel lines. Abdomen: Apex of tergite IV with irregular tubercles like scales. Pygidial surface with deep, evenly sparse punctures, becoming nearly smooth on basal 3rd. Strongly (male) to slightly (female) convex in lateral view. Legs: Protibia tridentate, basal tooth distant from others (Fig. 11A). Protarsus enlarged; inner claw bifid (Fig. 10A–B). Metatibia not narrowed before apex, sides nearly parallel (Fig. 12G). Apex of metatibia crenulate, with 7–8 spinules. Male genitalia: Spiculum gastrale with oval apex (Fig. 14A). Parameres strongly contracted at apical 3rd, apices projecting outwards; ventral margin with a small, medial tooth on each side (Figs. 15A, 17A).

Diagnosis. Euligyrus ebenus and E. similis are very similar species difficult to differentiate without examination of the shape of parameres. In some populations, like in Colombia, the pronotal fovea is oval and shallower in E. ebenus and triangular and deeper in E. similis; but in other countries like Brazil, the fovea of E. similis is less triangular and so very similar to E. ebenus . The parameres between both species are remarkably different being wider at base, strongly contracted at the apical 3rd in E. ebenus (Fig. 15A) while in E. similis they are slender and without strong lateral constrictions (Fig. 15B).

Distribution. Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Trinidad, Guyana, Suriname (Endrödi 1985), Venezuela (Escalona & Joly 2006), Colombia (López-García et al. 2015), Panama, Costa Rica (Ratcliffe 2003), Nicaragua, Honduras (Ratcliffe & Cave 2006), Belize, Guatemala, Mexico (Ratcliffe et al. 2013), Dominica, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and St. Lucia (Ratcliffe & Cave 2015).

Locality records (Fig. 31). 398 examined specimens from CEIOC, CERPE, CEUN, CNIN, FSCA, ICN, LEUC, MPUJ, MN/UFRJ, MZUSP, NHRS, UNSM, UPN, USNM, ZMK. Some data from CMNC, Endrödi (1969) (Bolivia), Ratcliffe (2003), Escalona & Joly (2006), Ratcliffe et al. (2013), and Ratcliffe & Cave (2015). BELIZE (21). No data (7). Cayo (1): East of Roaring Creek. Stann Creek (3): Sitte Point. Toledo (7): 13 mi. NW Punta Gorda, Tranquility Lodge; Blue Creek Village; Punta Gorda; San Miguel Columbia, River Forest. BOLIVIA (1). Cochabamba (1): Chapare. BRAZIL (112). No data (6). Amazonas (12): Barcelos (160 km E); Manaus; Lago Januaca; Río Badajos. Ceará (1): Fortaleza. Espíritu Santo (3): Parque Sooretama, Linhares. Maranhao (4): Bom Jardim, Reserva Biologica Gurupi. Mato Grosso (10): Bodoquena; Diamantino, Alto Rio Arinos; no data. Mina Gerais (4): São Gonçalo do Rio Preto, Parque Estadual do Rio Preto. Pará (54): Belem; Breves; Mangabeira, Mocajuba; Obidos; Oriximina; Rio Xingú, Ponte Novo; Santarém; no data. Paraiba (1): No data. Pernambuco (10): Escada; Paudalho, Campo de Instruçao Marechal Newton Cavalcanti; Recife; Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco; Tamandaré. Rio Grande do Norte (2): Natal; Parnamirim. Rio de Janeiro (1): Itatiaia. Rio Grande do Sul (1): Rio Grande. Roraima (1): Caracarai, Parna Viruá. Sergipe (1): Aracaju. COLOMBIA (38). Amazonas (1): Leticia. Antioquia (4): Medellín; Puerto Berrío. Cundinamarca (3): Agua de Dios; Anapoima; Vianí. Meta (3): Remolinos. Nariño (1): Pasto. Valle del Cauca (25): Buenaventura. Vichada (1): Gaviotas. COSTA RICA (13). Heredia (1): Estación Magsasay (Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo). Limón (10): Amubri; Cerro Cocori; Cerro Tortuguero; Hamburg Farm; Río Sardinas. Puntarenas (2): Estación Sirenas; Rancho Quemado. DOMINICA (4). St. Andrew (1): No data. St. John (1): Cabrits National Park. St. Joseph (2): Clarke Hall. FRENCH GUIANA (15). Cayenne (14): Entomotech Lodge; Risquetout (8 km W); Roura (38 km SE). St Laurent du Maroni (1): St. Jean. GUADALOUPE (6). No data (1). Base-Terre (3): Domaine de Duclos [Petit Bourg]; Piton de Sainte-Rose; Vernou. Grande-Terre (1): Grands Fonds. Marie-Galante (1): St. Louis. GUATEMALA (21). Alta Verapaz (1): Cahabón. Baja Verapaz (1): San Rafael Chilasco. Izabal (15): Biotopo Manati; Cayuga; El Estor; Morales, Finca Jocolo; Morales, Finca Firmeza; La Esmeralda; Río Dulce, Cayo Quemado; Santo Tomás de Castilla. Petén (3): El Ceibal; Sayaxche. Suchitepéquez (1): Finca Parraxe. GUYANA (10): Blairmont. Mazaruni-Potaro (8): Takutu Mountains . HONDURAS (36). Atlántida (33): La Ceiba; Parque Nacional Pico Bonito Rio Zacate; Reserva Cuero & Salado Sendero Olingo. Gracias a Dios (1): Reserva de la Biosfera Rio Plátano. Yoro (2): Parque Nacional Pico Bonito, El Portillo; Suyapa, Victoria. MARTINIQUE (13). La Trinite (2): Gros-Morne; Morne Bellevue. Le Marin (5): Anse Mitan; Le Vauclin; Monroe des Peres; Riviere-Salee; Saint Espirit. Fort-de-France (3): Croix-Rivail; Ravine Vilaine. Saint-Pierre (2): Champflore; Fonds-Saint-Denis. MEXICO (31). Chiapas (8): Bonampak; Ocosingo, Montes Azules. Oaxaca (1): Tuxtepec. Tabasco (2): Villahermosa (6 km W Teapa). Veracruz (19): Catemaco; Coatzacoalcos; El Plan; Las Choapas; Los Tuxtlas; Nautla (10 mi. N); Presidio; Sontecomapa. Doubtful record (1): Distrito Federal, Ciudad Universitaria. NICARAGUA (1). Zelaya (1): Campus Uracan Buffields. PANAMA (10). Colón (4): Madden Dam; Pipeline Road (km 2–4). Colón (1): Santa Rita Ridge. Panamá (3): Barro Colorado; El Llano-Carti Road km 8; Margarita. San Blas (2): Nusagandi. PERU (2). Loreto (2): Explorama Inn (25 mi NE Iquitos); Iquitos . ST. LUCIA (32). No data (31). Micoud (1): Escap Community. SURINAME (8). No data (2). Paramaribo (6): Paramaribo. TRINIDAD (34). No data (2). Arima (1): Simla, W. Beebe Tropical Rest. Couva Tabaquite-Talparo (1): Caparo. Point Fortin (7): Point Fortin. Puerto España (4): Puerto España. Río Claro-Mayaro (6): Mayaro Beach. Tunapuna Piarco (13): Centeno; Monroe Blue (1 mi. W); Mount St. Benedict Abby; St. Augustine. VENEZUELA (15). Amazonas (2): Puerto Ayacucho; San Juan de Manapiare. Apuré (1): Fundo Morichalote circa Rio Quitaparo; Santa Rosa, Río Cinaruco, Sakaní. Aragua (1): Tiara. Bolívar (3): Ciudad Bolivar; Reserva Forestal de Imataca, Camp; Río Grande, El Palmar; Río Guaniamo. Guárico (2): Nicolasito. Parque Nacional Aguaro-Guariquito. Miranda (3): Estación Río Negro cerca Capaya. Táchira (1): San Cristóbal. NO DATA (1).

Natural history. The species has been reported as a pest of Colocasia esculenta (L.) known commonly as “papachina” or “malanga” (Piedrahíta et al. 2007). Some specimens were collected in roots of Musaceae .